Succinic Acid Mixture Data

Succinic Acid and Succinate Mixture Data

The tables of data are given below in the order the systems are listed on the main succinic acid page.

(1a) Water Activities of Mixtures with (NH4)2SO4 of Eutonic Composition

    nS/nW      aW     mH2Succ  m(NH4)2SO4   t    uncert.   ref.   weight                       
  0.108583   0.7904    0.2466    5.7807    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.108583   0.7921    0.2466    5.7807    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.108684   0.7913    0.2469    5.7860    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.071001   0.8646    0.1613    3.7799    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.055518   0.8953    0.1261    2.9556    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.038894   0.9244    0.0883    2.0706    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.015216   0.9698    0.0346    0.8101    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.006711   0.9813    0.0152    0.3573    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.023345   0.9582    0.0530    1.2428    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.009720   0.9732    0.0221    0.5175    25.0  0.009      a       -  
  0.031130   0.9390    0.0707    1.6573    25.0  0.009      a       -

Notes and References

Symbols: nS/nW - moles of total solutes per mole of water; aW - water activity; prefix m denotes molality, t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - uncertainty in the measured water activity (average of the 0.5% to 1.35% in RH given by Wise et al., 2003); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - M. E. Wise, J. D. Surratt, D. B. Curtis, J. E. Shilling and M. A. Tolbert (2003) J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003775, 8 pages.
The original data of Wise et al. (2003), which are not tabulated in their paper, were obtained directly from the authors The mole fraction of the acid in the eutonic solution is nH2Succ/(nH2Succ + n(NH4)2SO4) = 0.04092. The uncertainty in this figure is approximately ±0.001. The solutions at the lowest water activity (just over 0.79) are simultaneously saturated with respect to both solutes.

(1b) Water Activities of Aqueous H2Succ + (NH4)2SO4 Mixtures (1:1 Mole Ratio)

   aW        mfs            m        osm      np      t         uncert.  ref.  weight 
  1.000     0.0           0.0000    1.0000   bulk    22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.993     0.03080       0.1270    0.7676   bulk    22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.989     0.04847       0.2036    0.7540   bulk    22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.987     0.06948       0.2984    0.6085   bulk    22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.975     0.11722       0.5307    0.6621   bulk    22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.969     0.13777       0.6385    0.6844   bulk    22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.330     1.000           -          -       e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.38645      -            -       0.0453     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.42126      -            -       0.0898     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.48277      -            -       0.1132     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.48493   0.83146      19.7151    0.5094     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.50756   0.81626      17.7536    0.5301     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.53066   0.80947      16.9784    0.5179     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.54337   0.79432      15.4335    0.5485     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.57841   0.76331      12.8879    0.5895     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.58772   0.74985      11.9794    0.6157     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.60444   0.73958      11.3494    0.6156     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.63225   0.70369       9.4906    0.6704     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.64618   0.69851       9.2589    0.6545     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.66615   0.66572       7.9587    0.7083     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.69389   0.63861       7.0619    0.7181     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.71369   0.60368       6.0873    0.7690     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.73582   0.57342       5.3720    0.7925     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78418   0.51119       4.1793    0.8073     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.79990   0.48948       3.8316    0.8086     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.80000   0.49446       3.9087    0.7922     e     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.20000   1.000           -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.22509   0.97830         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.41266   0.97843         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.46370   0.98600         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.54225   0.98439         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.70592   0.95252         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.73981   0.95023         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.76213   0.94858         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.76748   0.95309         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.77017   0.94732         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.77140   0.94098         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.77487   0.94355         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.77633   0.92973         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.77830   0.93071         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78064   0.92717         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78175   0.93151         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78277   0.91185         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78381   0.91079         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78480   0.89563         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78581   0.88279         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78625   0.85088         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78710   0.81728         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78803   0.72023         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78838   0.67879         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78894   0.58050         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78914   0.54489         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78932   0.51932         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78982   0.50550         -          -       g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.79848   0.49924       3.9842    0.7838     g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.80180   0.49305       3.8867    0.7887     g     20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.82335   0.47984       3.6865    0.7317     g     20-23       0.01     a      -

Notes and References

Symbols: aW - water activity; mfs - total mass fraction of solutes in the particle, as given by Choi and Chan (2002) and at http://ihome.ust.hk/~keckchan/hygroscopic.html; m denotes the molality of each solute (only for those particles that appear to be fully aqueous); osm - stoichiometric osmotic coefficient, equal to -ln(aW)/(0.0180152 × 4 × m); np - particle number (bulk indicates bulk solution measurements of equilibrium water activity, e indicates an edb evaporation experiment in an atmosphere of decreasing relative humidity, and g particle growth in an atmosphere of increasing relative humidity); t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - probable uncertainty in the water activity; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values. These data were used by Clegg and Seinfeld (2006b) for comparison only.
Source: a - M. Y. Choi and C. K. Chan (2002) Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 2422-2428.
The uncertainty associated with mfs for the edb experiments (and so also the molality m) has three sources: the determination of the dc balancing voltage, solute evaporation, and the standardisation of the particle composition to a single reference state (either dilute solution or solid particle). An overall uncertainty of at least ±0.01 seems likely. The corresponding values for molality can be obtained using the conversion equation m = (mfs/(1 - mfs)) × (1000/MW) where MW is the sum of the molar masses of the salt and acid (118.09 + 132.14 g).

(2a) Water Activities of Aqueous H2Succ + NaCl Mixtures (1:1 Mole Ratio)

  aW        mfs            m         osm       np        t         uncert.  ref.  weight  
  1.00      0.0            0.0       1.0000    bulk     22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.995     0.02689        0.1565    0.5925    bulk     22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.991     0.04103        0.2424    0.6902    bulk     22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.984     0.06004        0.3618    0.8248    bulk     22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.979     0.08330        0.5148    0.7629    bulk     22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.978     0.08713        0.5407    0.7613    bulk     22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.973     0.10070        0.6343    0.7984    bulk     22.0        0.003    a      -
  0.36823   1.00             -          -       1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.48016   0.98443          -          -       1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.53213   0.96127          -          -       1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.53453   0.70461       13.512     0.8577     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.54242   0.69212       12.734     0.8888     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.55686   0.67866       11.964     0.9054     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.57359   0.65904       10.949     0.9393     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.58322   0.63867       10.013     0.9964     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.58737   0.63597        9.8965    0.9948     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.60211   0.61362        8.9964    1.0434     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.62706   0.59904        8.4632    1.0204     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.64562   0.57618        7.7012    1.0512     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.65600   0.56271        7.2895    1.0701     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.68814   0.53712        6.5733    1.0521     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72058   0.49663        5.5889    1.0849     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.74995   0.47067        5.0370    1.0570     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.76564   0.44122        4.4730    1.1047     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.77997   0.41440        4.0087    1.1470     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -             
  0.79929   0.39445        3.6900    1.1234     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -             
  0.80000   0.39509        3.6999    1.1159     1e      20-23       0.01     a      -             
  0.36238   0.99150          -          -       2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.46696   0.98386          -          -       2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.53436   0.97345          -          -       2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.53811   0.71951       14.531     0.7891     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.55395   0.68132       12.111     0.9024     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.58149   0.66059       11.025     0.9099     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.59788   0.63551        9.8768    0.9636     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.62434   0.60782        8.7795    0.9928     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.64337   0.58292        7.9172    1.0307     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.65342   0.55594        7.0920    1.1102     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -                                          
  0.68421   0.52719        6.3163    1.1117     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.71540   0.49472        5.5464    1.1173     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.73993   0.46177        4.8600    1.1467     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.76077   0.43528        4.3663    1.1587     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.77857   0.40837        3.9101    1.1844     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.80000   0.40435        3.8455    1.0737     2e      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.20000   1.00             -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.27773   0.99521          -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -            
  0.43975   0.96841          -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -            
  0.54358   0.96299          -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -            
  0.59193   0.97563          -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.62785   0.95422          -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.64960   0.93488          -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -        
  0.66245   0.92522          -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -      
  0.71508   0.54913          -          -       1g      20-23       0.01     a      -      
  0.72819   0.47884        5.2048    1.1276     1g      20-23       0.01     a      -      
  0.73842   0.46333        4.8906    1.1473     1g      20-23       0.01     a      -      
  0.76576   0.43487        4.3591    1.1329     1g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.77562   0.41744        4.0591    1.1582     1g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78411   0.41034        3.9421    1.1415     1g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.80420   0.39383        3.6804    1.0955     1g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.81123   0.38888        3.6047    1.0738     1g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.95827   0.12516        0.8104    0.9732     1g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.20000   1.00             -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.31202   0.99010          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.40929   0.99201          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.46991   0.99570          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.52004   0.98819          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.57552   0.96318          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.60061   0.94190          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.63565   0.94667          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.66345   0.95168          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.68601   0.94346          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.69819   0.92904          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.71347   0.92525          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.71637   0.89634          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.71795   0.88220          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.71974   0.83358          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72071   0.80230          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72192   0.76220          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72323   0.70086          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72430   0.64327          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72578   0.58567          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72699   0.53360          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72835   0.50675          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.72944   0.49429          -          -       2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.73131   0.48419        5.3175    1.0888     2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.73658   0.47999        5.2288    1.0819     2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.74655   0.46423        4.9084    1.1018     2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.76252   0.44555        4.5521    1.1020     2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.77386   0.43104        4.2916    1.1053     2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.78157   0.42144        4.1264    1.1051     2g      20-23       0.01     a      -
  0.81218   0.39249        3.6598    1.0518     2g      20-23       0.01     a      -

Notes and References

Symbols: aW - water activity; mfs - total mass fraction of solutes in the particle, as given by Choi and Chan (2002) and at http://ihome.ust.hk/~keckchan/hygroscopic.html; m denotes the molality of each solute (only for those particles that appear to be fully aqueous); osm - stoichiometric osmotic coefficient, equal to -ln(aW)/(0.0180152 × 3 × m); np - particle number ('bulk' indicates bulk solution measurements of equilibrium water activity, suffix e indicates an edb evaporation experiment in an atmosphere of decreasing relative humidity, and suffix g particle growth in an atmosphere of increasing relative humidity); t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - probable uncertainty in the water activity; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - M. Y. Choi and C. K. Chan (2002) Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 2422-2428.
The uncertainty associated with mfs for the edb experiments (and so also the molality m) has three sources: the determination of the dc balancing voltage, solute evaporation, and the standardisation of the particle composition to a single reference state (either dilute solution or solid particle). An overall uncertainty of at least ±0.01 seems likely. The corresponding values for molality can be obtained using the conversion equation m = (mfs/(1 - mfs)) × (1000/MW) where MW is the sum of the molar masses of the salt and acid (118.09 + 58.44 g).

(2b) Dissociation Constants of Succinic Acid in Aqueous NaCl

   mNaCl   mH2Succ    mNaOH      pQa1    pQa2     t    uncert.   ref.  weight
  0.9835   0.040     0.02001     3.866     -     25.0   0.004     a     0.0   
  0.09793  0.003983  0.001992    3.998     -     24.9   0.004     a     1.0
  0.3264   0.01328   0.006642    3.921     -     24.9   0.004     a     1.0
  4.97     0.04028   0.02012     4.343     -     24.9   0.004     a     1.0
  2.984    0.02418   0.01208     4.064     -     24.9   0.004     a     1.0
  2.984    0.02418   0.01208     4.065     -     25.0   0.004     a     1.0
  4.97     0.04028   0.02012     4.342     -     25.0   0.004     a     1.0
  0.3264   0.01328   0.006642    3.922     -     24.9   0.004     a     1.0
  0.09810  0.003986  0.001994    3.993     -     25.0   0.004     a     1.0
  0.9976   0.03341   0.06350       -     5.072   24.9   0.026     a     1.0
  0.9976   0.03341   0.06350       -     5.077   24.8   0.026     a     1.0
  0.9856   0.006629  0.01266       -     5.061   25.0   0.029     a     1.0
  4.913    0.03304   0.06309       -     5.558   25.0   0.029     a     1.0
  2.946    0.2003    0.03783       -     5.350   25.0   0.024     a     0.0
  0.0907   0.003322  0.006312      -     5.249   25.0   0.026     a     1.0
  0.3024   0.01107   0.02104       -     5.120   24.9   0.026     a     1.0
  0.0907   0.003322  0.006312      -     5.273   24.9   0.026     a     1.0
  0.0907   0.003322  0.006312      -     5.265   24.9   0.026     a     1.0
  0.3024   0.01107   0.02104       -     5.132   24.9   0.027     a     1.0
  4.913    0.03304   0.06309       -     5.557   24.9   0.029     a     1.0
  2.949    0.01983   0.03787       -     5.253   24.9   0.029     a     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix m denotes molality; pQa1 - -log10(Qa1) where Qa1 is the stoichiometric first dissociation constant of H2Succ, equal to mH⁺ × mHSucc⁻ / mH2Succ; pQa2 - -log10(Qa2) where Qa2 is the stoichiometric second dissociation constant of H2Succ, equal to mH⁺ × mSucc²⁻ / mHSucc⁻; t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - probable uncertainty in the value of pQa1 or pQa2; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - R. M. Kettler, D. A. Palmer and D. J. Wesolowski (1995) J. Solution Chem. 24, 65-87.
The work of Kettler et al. should be consulted if the original EMF data are required, and for data at other temperatures. The results above are from their Tables III and IV.

(2c) First Dissociation Constants of Succinic Acid in Aqueous NaCl

  MNaCl  mNaCl   ln(Qa1(M))  ln(Qa1)    t      H       Cp   ln(Qa1)(25 C)   ref.  weight
  0.10   0.1003   -9.231     -9.228   18.0   2.9002  -98.0     -9.197        a     1.0  
  0.20   0.2009   -9.157     -9.153   18.0   2.9505  -97.8     -9.121        a     1.0
  0.50   0.5050   -9.056     -9.046   18.0   3.104   -97.0     -9.013        a     1.0
  1.0    1.0194   -9.072     -9.053   18.0   3.5165  -94.9     -9.016        a     1.0
  1.5    1.5444   -9.146     -9.117   18.0   3.9627  -92.0     -9.075        a     1.0
  2.0    2.0807   -9.275     -9.235   18.0   4.4186  -89.1     -9.189        a     1.0
  2.5    2.6294   -9.395     -9.344   18.0   4.885   -86.0     -9.294        a     1.0
  3.0    3.1910   -9.563     -9.501   18.0   5.371   -82.9     -9.446        a     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix M denotes molarity at the experimental temperature of 18 ^oC; m denotes molality; Qa1(M) - the stoichiometric first dissociation constant of H2Succ on a molar basis at 18 ^oC, equal to MH⁺ × MHSucc⁻ / MH2Succ, taken from Adell's Table 2; Qa1 - the stoichiometric first dissociation constant of H2Succ on a molality basis at 18 ^oC, equal to mH⁺ × mHSucc⁻ / mH2Succ and calculated from Qa1(M); t - experimental temperature (^oC); H - the enthalpy change (kJ mol^-1) of the dissociation reaction in aqueous NaCl at 298.15 K, interpolated from Table V of Kettler et al. (see earlier table above for reference); Cp - the heat capacity change (J mol^-1 K^-1) for the same reaction; ln(Qa1)(25 C) - the value of ln(Qa1) adjusted to 298.15 K using H and Cp; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - B. Adell (1939) Z. physik. Chem. A185, 161-206.
Adell also presents data for the dissociation of several other acids in aqueous NaCl at 18 ^oC.

(2d) Second Dissociation Constants of Succinic Acid in Aqueous NaCl

  MNaCl   mNaCl    ln(Qa2(M))  ln(Qa2)    t      H       Cp    ln(Qa2)(25 C)  ref.  weight   
  0.10   0.1003    -12.132    -12.129   18.0   -0.700  -217.0    -12.129       a     1.0
  0.20   0.2009    -11.946    -11.941   18.0   -0.700  -218.5    -11.941       a     1.0
  0.50   0.5050    -11.762    -11.752   18.0   -0.696  -223.0    -11.751       a     1.0
  1.0    1.0194    -11.725    -11.706   18.0   -0.269  -226.1    -11.700       a     1.0
  1.5    1.5444    -11.766    -11.737   18.0    0.571  -227.6    -11.724       a     1.0
  2.0    2.0870    -11.863    -11.820   18.0    1.429  -229.2    -11.799       a     1.0
  2.5    2.6294    -12.045    -11.994   18.0    2.307  -230.9    -11.964       a     1.0
  3.0    3.1910    -12.261    -11.200   18.0    3.263  -233.0    -12.160       a     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix M denotes molarity at the experimental temperature of 18 ^oC; m denotes molality; Qa2(M) - the stoichiometric second dissociation constant of H2Succ on a molar basis at 18 ^oC, equal to MH⁺ × MSucc²⁻ / MHSucc⁻, taken from Adell's Table 4; Qa2 - the stoichiometric second dissociation constant of H2Succ on a molality basis at 18 ^oC, equal to mH⁺ × mSucc²⁻ / mHSucc⁻ and calculated from Qa2(M); t - experimental temperature (^oC); H - the enthalpy change (kJ mol^-1) of the dissociation reaction in aqueous NaCl at 298.15 K, interpolated from Table VI of Kettler et al. (see earlier table above for reference); Cp - the heat capacity change (J mol^-1 K^-1) for the same reaction; ln(Qa2)(25 C) - the value of ln(Qa2) adjusted to 298.15 K using H and Cp; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - B. Adell (1939) Z. physik. Chem. A185, 161-206.
Adell also presents data for the dissociation of several other acids in aqueous NaCl at 18 ^oC.

(2e) Solubilities of H2Succ(s) in Aqueous NaCl

 MNaCl  MH2Succ   mNaCl    mH2Succ   mH2Succ(25 C)   t     ref.  weight 
  0.0   0.4971    0.0000    0.5194      0.7016      18.0    a      -   
  0.1   0.4889    0.1046    0.5113      0.6907      18.0    a     1.0  
  0.4   0.4611    0.4195    0.4836      0.6532      18.0    a     1.0  
  0.8   0.4262    0.8428    0.4490      0.6065      18.0    a     1.0  
  1.6   0.3602    1.703     0.3834      0.5179      18.0    a     1.0  
  2.4   0.3091    2.588     0.3333      0.4502      18.0    a     1.0  
  3.2   0.2625    3.501     0.2872      0.3880      18.0    a     1.0  
  4.0   0.2246    4.447     0.2497      0.3373      18.0    a     1.0  
  0.0   0.6344    0.0000    0.6720      0.7083      23.75   a      -   
  0.4   0.5853    0.4249    0.6217      0.6553      23.75   a     1.0  
  0.8   0.5406    0.8530    0.5764      0.6075      23.75   a     1.0  
  1.6   0.4597    1.722     0.4947      0.5214      23.75   a     1.0  
  3.2   0.3305    3.531     0.3647      0.3844      23.75   a     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix M denotes molarity; m - molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - K. Linderstrom-Lang (1924) Compt. rend. trav. lab. Carlsberg 15, 1-65.
Molalities at the experimental temperature t (the third and fourth columns in the table) were calculated from the measured molarities by assuming that the molar volumes of both solutes were the same as in pure aqueous solutions at the same molarities as in the mixture. The following expression was used for H2Succ density (d) as a function of molarity (M): d (g cm^-3) = dH2O(t) + 0.039279M - 0.006684M^1.5 (fitted to data of M. K. Srinivasan and B. Prasad (Faraday Trans. 34, 1139-1141, 1938) at 35 ^oC, where dH2O(t) is the density of pure water at the experimental temperature). The H2Succ solubility at 298.15 K, mH2Succ(25 C), was then obtained by adjusting mH2Succ by a factor equal to the molal solubility of H2Succ in pure water at 298.15 K divided by the molal solubility at the experimental temperature. The following expression was used for this: ln(wt%) = 13.71(±0.11) - 3473.5(±32)/T, where T (K) is temperature and the solubility is in weight percent (wt%) of acid. This expression was fitted to data in Tables 1179 and 1180 of the compilation of H. Stephen and T. Stephen (1979) Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds; Pergamon: Oxford, Vol. 1.

(2f) Solubilities of H2Succ(s) in Aqueous NaCl

  MNaCl  MH2Succ  cNaCl   cH2Succ    mNaCl     mH2Succ     t     ref.   weight              
   0.0    0.672     -       -        0.0       0.7045     25.0    a       -   
  4.95    0.23      -       -        5.54      0.2577     25.0    a      1.0 
  2.26    0.41      -       -        2.37      0.4300     25.0    a      1.0 
  1.10    0.52      -       -        1.126     0.5322     25.0    a      1.0 
  0.56    0.59      -       -        0.567     0.5976     25.0    a      1.0 
  0.32    0.63      -       -        0.323     0.6353     25.0    a      1.0 
    -      -       0.0    70.03      0.000     0.626      25.0    b       -   
    -      -      17.70   74.85      0.305     0.675      25.0    b      1.0 
    -      -      35.40   68.55      0.614     0.619      25.0    b      1.0 
    -      -      44.25   66.51      0.770     0.601      25.0    b      1.0 
    -      -     118.00   52.25      2.107     0.480      25.0    b      1.0 
    -      -     177.00   42.27      3.233     0.395      25.0    b      1.0 
    -      -     221.25   36.03      4.115     0.341      25.0    b      1.0 
    -      -     295.00   26.52      5.670     0.258      25.0    b      1.0 
    -      -     313.28   22.74      6.073     0.222      25.0    b      1.0 
    -      -     316.07   10.00      6.135     0.097      25.0    b      0.0 
    -      -     319.01    4.513     6.200     0.044      25.0    b      0.0 
    -      -     321.82    3.619     6.263     0.035      25.0    b      0.0 
    -      -     327.87    3.004     6.400     0.029      25.0    b      0.0 
    -      -     333.97    2.015     6.538     0.020      25.0    b      0.0 
    -      -     347.06    1.038     6.835     0.010      25.0    b      0.0 
    -      -     354.00    0.5221    6.997     0.005      25.0    b      0.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix M denotes molarity; prefix c denotes concentration in millimol per 10 cm³ of solution; prefix m denotes molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - W. Herz (1910) Z. anorg. Chem. 65, 341-344.; b - S. S. Doosaj and W. V. Bhagwat (1933) J. Indian Chem. Soc. 10, 225-232 (these data also appear in Table 307 of H. Stephen and T. Stephen (1979) Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds; Pergamon: Oxford, Vol. 2).
The solubilities were converted to molalities by assuming that the molar volumes of both solutes were the same as in pure aqueous solutions at the same molarities as in the mixture. The following expression was used for H2Succ density (d) as a function of molarity (M): d (g cm^-3) = 0.99406 + 0.039279M - 0.006684M^1.5 + (0.997047 - 0.99406), based on the results of M. K. Srinivasan and B. Prasad (1938) Faraday Trans. 34, 1139-1141. The final term in parentheses is a correction to 298.15 K. No explanation is given by Doosaj and Bhagwat (1933) of the very low solubilities of acid they measured in the most concentrated NaCl solutions, nor of the fact that their highest NaCl molality is almost 7 mol kg^-1. If it is assumed that their tabulated concentrations are g per litre of pure water then the NaCl molalities are reduced (to a maximum of about 6 mol kg^-1, the solubility of the salt at 25 ^oC). However, the H2Succ solubilities remain anomalous.

(2g) Solubilities of Succinic Acid in Aqueous Chloride Solutions

 Electrolyte (E)    M(E)    MH2Succ   m(E)    mH2Succ    t    ref.  weight
    HCl              0.0     6.72     0.0     0.7045    25.0   a      -    
    HCl             45.7     2.85     5.043   0.3145    25.0   a     1.0   
    HCl             35.1     2.78     3.782   0.2995    25.0   a     1.0   
    HCl             24.1     3.0      2.535   0.3156    25.0   a     1.0   
    HCl             12.5     4.30     1.284   0.4417    25.0   a     1.0   
    HCl              5.06    5.61     0.512   0.5680    25.0   a     1.0   
    KCl             35.8     5.2      4.036   0.5862    25.0   b     1.0   
    KCl             20.2     5.9      2.155   0.6295    25.0   b     1.0   
    KCl             10.4     6.3      1.075   0.6513    25.0   b     1.0   
    KCl              8.8     6.4      0.905   0.6584    25.0   b     1.0   
    LiCl            54.6     1.2      6.16    0.1353    25.0   b     1.0   
    LiCl            41.6     1.7      4.55    0.1860    25.0   b     1.0   
    LiCl            27.8     2.5      2.95    0.2654    25.0   b     1.0   
    LiCl            18.6     4.0      1.94    0.4164    25.0   b     1.0   
    LiCl             5.5     5.3      0.558   0.5373    25.0   b     1.0   
    LiCl             1.8     6.0      0.181   0.6039    25.0   b     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix M denotes molarity; m denotes molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Sources: a - W. Herz (1911) Z. anorg. Chem. 70, 70-72; b - W. Herz (1910) Z. anorg. Chem. 65, 341-344.
These solubilities were converted to molalities by assuming that the molar volumes of both solutes were the same as in pure aqueous solutions at the same molarities as in the mixture. The following expression was used for H2Succ density (d) as a function of molarity (M): d (g cm^-3) = 0.99406 + 0.039279M - 0.006684M^1.5 + (0.997047 - 0.99406), based on the results of M. K. Srinivasan and B. Prasad (1938) Faraday Trans. 34, 1139-1141. The final term in parentheses is a correction to 298.15 K.

(3) Solubilities of H2Succ(s) in Aqueous Alkali Metal Chlorides

  Salt   MSalt   MH2Succ   mSalt      mH2Succ   mH2Succ(25 C)    t     ref.  weight 
  LiCl   0.0      0.4974   0.0        0.5197       0.7020      18.00    a      1.0  
  LiCl   0.335    0.4417   0.3506     0.4623       0.6245      18.00    a      1.0  
  LiCl   0.669    0.3950   0.7020     0.4145       0.5599      18.00    a      1.0  
  LiCl   1.338    0.3151   1.413      0.3329       0.4497      18.00    a      1.0  
  LiCl   2.676    0.2018   2.879      0.2171       0.2933      18.00    a      1.0  
  LiCl   4.0130   0.1348   4.421      0.1485       0.2006      18.00    a      1.0  
  LiCl   0.0      0.6344   0.0        0.6720       0.7087      23.75    a      1.0  
  LiCl   0.669    0.5037   0.7099     0.5345       0.5637      23.75    a      1.0  
  LiCl   1.338    0.4046   1.427      0.4315       0.4550      23.75    a      1.0  
  LiCl   2.676    0.2590   2.899      0.2805       0.2958      23.75    a      1.0  
  LiCl   4.013    0.1739   4.444      0.1926       0.2031      23.75    a      1.0  
  KCl    0.0      0.4976   0.0        0.5199       0.7023      18.00    a      1.0  
  KCl    0.3      0.4913   0.3692     0.5182       0.7000      18.00    a      1.0  
  KCl    0.70     0.4851   0.7458     0.5168       0.6981      18.00    a      1.0  
  KCl    1.40     0.4713   1.523      0.5128       0.6927      18.00    a      1.0  
  KCl    2.10     0.4564   2.336      0.5077       0.6858      18.00    a      1.0                                   
  KCl    2.80     0.4413   3.188      0.5025       0.6788      18.00    a      1.0                                  
  KCl    3.50     0.4262   4.085      0.4974       0.6719      18.00    a      1.0                                    
  KCl    0.0      0.6344   0.0        0.6720       0.7087      23.75    a      1.0                                    
  KCl    0.70     0.6112   0.7557     0.6598       0.6958      23.75    a      1.0                                    
  KCl    1.40     0.5909   1.543      0.6514       0.6869      23.75    a      1.0                                    
  KCl    2.10     0.5708   2.367      0.6433       0.6784      23.75    a      1.0                                    
  KCl    2.80     0.5459   3.229      0.6295       0.6638      23.75    a      1.0                                                                 
  RbCl   0.0      0.4914   0.0        0.5132       0.6978      17.85    a       -    
  RbCl   0.60     0.4955   0.6398     0.5283       0.7183      17.85    a      1.0  
  RbCl   1.20     0.4980   1.308      0.5430       0.7383      17.85    a      1.0  
  RbCl   2.40     0.4955   2.745      0.5667       0.7705      17.85    a      1.0  
  CsCl   0.0      0.4917   0.0        0.5135       0.6982      17.85    a       -    
  CsCl   0.578    0.5085   0.6194     0.5450       0.7410      17.85    a      1.0  
  CsCl   0.867    0.5169   0.9419     0.5615       0.7634      17.85    a      1.0  
  CsCl   1.733    0.5355   1.964      0.6069       0.8252      17.85    a      1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix M denotes molarity; m - molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - K. Linderstrom-Lang (1924) Compt. rend. trav. lab. Carlsberg 15, 1-65.
Molalities at the experimental temperature t (the fourth and fifth columns in the table) were calculated from the measured molarities by assuming that the molar volumes of both solutes were the same as in pure aqueous solutions at the same molarities as in the mixture. The following expression was used for H2Succ density (d) as a function of molarity (M): d (g cm^-3) = dH2O(t) + 0.039279M - 0.006684M^1.5, based on the results of M. K. Srinivasan and B. Prasad (1938) Faraday Trans. 34, 1139-1141 at 35 ^oC, where dH2O(t) is the density of pure water at the temperature of interest. The H2Succ solubility at 298.15 K, mH2Succ(25 C), was then obtained by adjusting mH2Succ by a factor equal to the molal solubility of H2Succ in pure water at 298.15 K divided by the molal solubility at the experimental temperature. The following expression was used for this: ln(wt%) = 13.71(±0.11) - 3473.5(±32)/T, where T (K) is temperature and the solubility is in weight percent (wt%) of acid. This expression was fitted to data in Tables 1179 and 1180 of the compilation of H. Stephen and T. Stephen (1979) Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds; Pergamon: Oxford, Vol. 1.

(4) Solubilities of H2Succ(s) in Aqueous HNO3 and H2SO4

  Acid     mol%Acid   mol%H2Succ  MAcid  MH2Succ      mAcid      mH2Succ     t     ref.  weight
  HNO3      0           1.15       -       -          0.0000      0.6458    25.0    a      -
  HNO3      1.5         1.14       -       -          0.8552      0.6500    25.0    a     1.0
  HNO3      3.1         1.08       -       -          1.7958      0.6256    25.0    a     1.0
  HNO3      6.7         0.88       -       -          4.0241      0.5285    25.0    a     1.0
  HNO3      11.0        0.54       -       -          6.9025      0.3389    25.0    a     1.0
  HNO3      16.1        0.33       -       -         10.6939      0.2192    25.0    a      -
  HNO3      22.3        0.28       -       -         15.9887      0.2008    25.0    a      -
  HNO3      30.0        0.32       -       -         23.8987      0.2549    25.0    a      -
  HNO3      47.1        1.30       -       -         50.6678      1.3985    25.0    a      -
  HNO3      59.6        3.86       -       -         90.5396      5.8638    25.0    a      -
  HNO3      74.8        8.75       -       -        252.4042     29.5259    25.0    a      -
  HNO3      82.1        14.7       -       -       1424.1446    254.9930    25.0    a      -
  HNO3      83.9        16.1       -       -           -           -        25.0    a      -
  H2SO4      -           -       0.9905  0.4541       1.073       0.4917    25.0    b     1.0
  H2SO4      -           -       1.9076  0.34152      2.126       0.3806    25.0    b     1.0
  H2SO4      -           -       2.4633  0.28156      2.800       0.3201    25.0    b     1.0
  H2SO4      -           -       4.0610  0.1940       4.957       0.2368    25.0    b     1.0
  H2SO4      -           -       5.1101  0.1700       6.595       0.2194    25.0    b     1.0
  H2SO4      -           -       6.9046  0.1500       9.951       0.2162    25.0    b      -
  H2SO4      -           -       8.5247  0.1500      13.83        0.2434    25.0    b      -

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix M denotes molarity; mol% - mole percent in the solution mixture; m denotes molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values (' - ' indicates that the data are outside the molality range of the model).
Source: a - E. Sepp and G. Rajalo (1977) Geoloogia 26, 315-318; b - H. Stephen and T. Stephen (1979) Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds; Pergamon: Oxford, Vol. 2.
Solubilities from source b were converted to molalities by assuming that the molar volumes of both solutes were the same as in pure aqueous solutions at the same molarities as in the mixture. The following expression was used for H2Succ density (d) as a function of molarity (M): d (g cm^-3) = 0.99406 + 0.039279M - 0.006684M^1.5 + (0.997047 - 0.99406), based on the results of M. K. Srinivasan and B. Prasad (Faraday Trans. 34, 1139-1141, 1938), at 35 ^oC. The final term in parentheses is a correction to 298.15 K.
The work of Sepp and Ragalo also contains solubility data for 35 ^oC and 50 ^oC.

(5a) Solubilities in Aqueous H2Succ - NH3 Mixtures

 wt%H2Succ  wt%NH3   mH2Succ    mNH3       t     solid  ref.   weight
    7.40     0.0     0.6767     0.0       25.0     1     a   (see note)
    9.58     0.59    0.9031     0.3857    25.0     1     a       -     
    9.83     0.64    0.9298     0.4198    25.0     1     a       -     
   12.09     1.42    1.184      0.9641    25.0     1     a       -     
   21.40     4.41    2.443      3.490     25.0     1     a       -     
   35.29     9.82    5.444     10.505     25.0     1     a       -     
   35.29     9.82    5.444     10.505     25.0     2     a       -     
   35.74    10.00    5.578     10.822     25.0     2     a       -     
   36.74    10.31    5.876     11.434     25.0     2     a       -     
   40.76    11.14    7.176     13.600     25.0     2     a       -     
   40.76    11.16    7.179     13.630     25.0     2     a       -     
   40.76    11.16    7.352     14.705     25.0     3     a      1.0    
   40.98    11.82    7.179     13.630     25.0     3     a      1.0    
   40.04    11.80    7.040     14.387     25.0     3     a      1.0    
   35.14    11.82    5.610     13.086     25.0     3     a      1.0    
   34.10    12.08    5.365     13.180     25.0     3     a      1.0    
   31.69    12.22    4.784     12.793     25.0     3     a      1.0    
   31.03    12.27    4.634     12.707     25.0     3     a      1.0    
   27.70    13.08    3.961     12.970     25.0     3     a      1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix wt% denotes weight percent in solution; m denotes molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); solid, 1 - H2Succ(s), 2 - (NH4)HSucc(s) (ammonium hydrogen succinate), 3 - (NH4)2Succ.H2O(s) (ammonium succinate monohydrate); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model (see also below).
Source: a - I. G. Druzhinin, A. K. Molodkin and N. Ya. Esina (1973) Zh. Neorg. Khimii 18, 855-857.
For acid solutions (where 2mNH3 < mH2Succ, and for which the weight is given as ' - ') see the discussion of Clegg and Seinfeld (2006b).

(5b) Solubilities in Aqueous H2Succ - NH4NO3 Mixtures

 wt%H2Succ  wt%NH4NO3    mH2Succ    mNH4NO3    t      solid     ref.   weight
    2.6       4.8        0.2378     0.6476    -2.0      0,1      a      -          
    2.4       9.8        0.2315     1.3945    -3.8      0        a      -          
    2.4       9.8        0.2315     1.3945    -3.8      3        a      -          
    2.8       9.8        0.2713     1.4009     1.0      3        a      -          
    2.8       9.8        0.2713     1.4009     1.0      1        a      -          
    2.4       8.5        0.2281     1.1919    -3.3      0,1,3    a      -          
    1.1      41.7        0.1628     9.1082   -16.5      0,2,3    a      -          
    2.0      19.6        0.2160     3.1234    -7.6      0,3      a      -          
    7.6       8.6        0.7680     1.2822    28.5      1,3      a      -          
    1.6      29.5        0.1966     5.3493   -11.5      0,3      a      -          
    1.2      39.4        0.1711     8.2871   -15.5      0,3      a      -          
    1.4      49.3        0.2405    12.4938    -6.0      2,3      a      -          
    0.9      41.8        0.1330     9.1141   -16.4      0,2      a      -          
    2.8       9.8        0.2713     1.4009     1.0      1,3      a      -          
    1.4      50.0        0.2439    12.8537    -5.5      2,3      a      -          
    4.3      13.6        0.4435     2.0696    12.0      1,3      a      -          
    2.0      61.0        0.4577    20.5978    13.0      2,3      a      -          
    4.1      19.0        0.4515     3.0869    32.0      1,3      a      -          
    3.0      70.0        0.9409    32.3912    36.5      1,3      a      -

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix wt% denotes weight percent in solution; m denotes molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); solid, 0 - ice, 1 - H2Succ(s), 2 - NH4NO3(s), 3 - nNH4NO3.mH2Succ(s) (a mixed solid, presumably of variable composition); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model (see also below).
Source: a - D. Kh. Yunusov, S. Tukhtaev and L. N. Semenova (1972) Deposited Doc. (VINITI 4612-72) 1972, 10 pp.

(6) Water Uptake by H2Succ + NH4NO3 Mixtures

    mr   pcSA   nH2Succ  aW     mNH4NO3    mH2Succ   T     uncert.   ref.  weight                              
   1.0   12.5   0.09683  0.45   55.5087    5.3747  298.2    0.10      a      -           
   1.3   12.5   0.09683  0.50   42.6990    4.1344  298.2    0.10      a      -           
   1.6   12.5   0.09683  0.55   34.6929    3.3592  298.2    0.10      a      -           
   2.0   12.5   0.09683  0.60   27.7543    2.6874  298.2    0.20      a      -           
   2.6   12.5   0.09683  0.65   21.3495    2.0672  298.2    0.20      a      -           
   3.4   12.5   0.09683  0.70   16.3261    1.5808  298.2    0.20      a      -           
   4.4   12.5   0.09683  0.75   12.6156    1.2215  298.2    0.20      a      -           
   6.3   12.5   0.09683  0.80    8.8109    0.8531  298.2    0.40      a      -           
   1.6   25.0   0.22593  0.50   34.6929    7.8382  298.2    0.10      a      -           
   1.9   25.0   0.22593  0.55   29.2151    6.6005  298.2    0.20      a      -           
   2.5   25.0   0.22593  0.50   22.2035    5.0164  298.2    0.20      a      -           
   3.0   25.0   0.22593  0.65   18.5029    4.1803  298.2    0.20      a      -         
   3.9   25.0   0.22593  0.70   14.2330    3.2157  298.2    0.20      a      -         
   5.1   25.0   0.22593  0.75   10.8841    2.4590  298.2    0.20      a      -         
   7.1   25.0   0.22593  0.80    7.8181    1.7663  298.2    0.30      a      -         
  10.1   25.0   0.22593  0.85    5.4959    1.2417  298.2    0.40      a      -         
  16.2   25.0   0.22593  0.90    3.4265    0.7741  298.2    0.20      a      -         
   1.4   50.0   0.67779  0.45   39.6491   26.8737  298.2      -       a      -         
   1.5   50.0   0.67779  0.50   37.0058   25.0821  298.2      -       a      -         
   2.9   50.0   0.67779  0.55   19.1409   12.9735  298.2    0.20      a      -         
   2.3   50.0   0.67779  0.60   24.1342   16.3579  298.2    0.10      a      -         
   2.9   50.0   0.67779  0.65   19.1409   12.9735  298.2    0.20      a      -         
   3.7   50.0   0.67779  0.70   15.0023   10.1684  298.2    0.20      a      -         
   4.9   50.0   0.67779  0.75   11.3283    7.6782  298.2    0.30      a      -         
   6.8   50.0   0.67779  0.80    8.1630    5.5328  298.2      -       a      -         
   9.5   50.0   0.67779  0.85    5.8430    3.9603  298.2      -       a      -        
  15.5   50.0   0.67779  0.90    3.5812    2.4273  298.2      -       a      -         
  38.8   50.0   0.67779  0.95    1.4306    0.9697  298.2      -       a      -

Notes and References

Symbols: mr - moles of water per mole of NH4NO3; pcSA - wt% of H2Succ (excluding water); nH2Succ - moles of H2Succ per mole of NH4NO3; aW - the water activity of the suspended droplets (equivalent to the ambient relative humidity); prefix m indicates molality; T - experimental temperature (K); uncert. - uncertainty in the particle water content, given in terms of moles of water per mole of NH4NO3; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - J. M. Lightstone, T. B. Onasch, D. Imre and S. J. Oatis (2000) J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 9337-9346.

(7) Solubilities of Solid Phases

 cNa2Succ  cH2Succ  mNa2Succ  mH2Succ     t     solid  ref.    weight
   0         7.71    0.0      0.7074     25.0     1     a        -    
   3.68     10.26    0.2639   1.010      25.0     1     a       1.0   
   8.99     13.35    0.7144   1.456      25.0     1     a       1.0   
  12.64     15.53    1.086    1.831      25.0     1     a       1.0   
  15.26     16.9     1.388    2.110      25.0     1     a       1.0   
  15.26     16.9     1.388    2.110      25.0     2     a       1.0   
  15.07     13.83    1.308    1.647      25.0     2     a       0.5   
  18.89      8.41    1.603    0.980      25.0     2     a       1.0   
  22.71      5.65    1.956    0.668      25.0     2     a       1.0   
  26.88      4.08    2.403    0.500      25.0     2     a       1.0   
  26.88      4.08    2.403    0.500      25.0     3     a       1.0   
  26.50      2.38    2.299    0.283      25.0     3     a       1.0   
  26.11      0.85    2.206    0.0985     25.0     3     a       1.0

Notes and References

Prefix c denotes concentration in grams of solute per 100 grams of aqueous mixture; m - molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); solid: 1 - H2Succ(s), 2 - NaHSucc.3H2O(s) (sodium hydrogen succinate trihydrate), 3 - Na2Succ.6H2O(s) (sodium succinate hexahydrate); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - H. Marshall and D. Bain (1910) J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1074-1085.
The work of Marshall and Bain contains other solubility measurements over the range 0 ^oC to 75 ^oC.

(8) Osmotic Coefficients from Isopiestic Measurements

 mNaHSucc  mNaCl(ref)   osm      t     uncert.  ref.  weight 
  3.7170     3.232     0.9253   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  0.2345     0.2296    0.9030   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  1.2480     1.167     0.8829   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  2.3000     2.081     0.8971   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  0.2831     0.2771    0.9016   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  1.6500     1.516     0.8828   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  2.4490     2.206     0.8997   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  4.0100     3.467     0.9339   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  1.1930     1.116     0.8812   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  1.9310     1.764     0.8895   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  2.8970     2.573     0.9070   25.0   0.009     a     1.0    
  4.9350     4.176     0.9566   25.0   0.009     a     1.0

Notes and References

Prefix m denotes molality; osm - molal osmotic coefficient; t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - assumed uncertainty in the osmotic coefficient osm (see note below); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - J. M. Stokes (1948) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 1944-1946.
The author states that the results are probably accurate to 1%. The value listed in the uncertainty column above assumes that this 1% applies to the calculated osmotic coefficients rather than the isopiestic molalities of the aqueous NaHSucc, and NaCl reference solutions (NaCl(ref)).
The osmotic coefficients have been recalculated to modern values for the NaCl reference solution given by: D. G. Archer (1992) J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21, 793-829.

(9) EMF Measurements Yielding Mean Activity Coefficients of NaCl

   yB     I       mNaCl   mNaHSucc    dE         gR      gNaCl      t     uncert.  ref. weight
  0.1    0.0      0.100    0.000      0.0       0.7771   0.7771    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.1    0.200    0.080    0.020      5.75      0.7771   0.7768    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.1    0.400    0.060    0.040      13.17     0.7771   0.7764    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.1    0.600    0.040    0.060      23.47     0.7771   0.7782    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.1    0.800    0.020    0.080      41.27     0.7771   0.7783    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.5    0.0      0.500    0.000      0.0       0.6805   0.6805    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.5    0.2      0.400    0.100      5.64      0.6805   0.6817    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.5    0.4      0.300    0.200      13.05     0.6805   0.6815    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.5    0.6      0.200    0.300      23.37     0.6805   0.6828    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  0.5    0.8      0.100    0.400      41.08     0.6805   0.6841    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  1.0    0.0      1.000    0.000      0.0       0.6572   0.6572    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  1.0    0.200    0.800    0.200      5.57      0.6572   0.6593    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  1.0    0.400    0.600    0.400      12.89     0.6572   0.6602    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  1.0    0.600    0.400    0.600      23.18     0.6572   0.6618    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  1.0    0.800    0.200    0.800      40.96     0.6572   0.6622    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  2.0    0        2.000    0.000      0.0       0.6708   0.6708    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  2.0    0.200    1.600    0.400      5.56      0.6708   0.6731    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  2.0    0.400    1.200    0.800      12.71     0.6708   0.6762    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  2.0    0.6      0.800    1.200      23.01     0.6708   0.6778    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  2.0    0.800    0.400    1.600      40.74     0.6708   0.6788    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  3.0    0.0      3.000    0.000      0.0       0.7179   0.7179    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  3.0    0.200    2.400    0.600      5.61      0.7179   0.7196    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  3.0    0.400    1.800    1.200      12.88     0.7179   0.7213    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  3.0    0.600    1.200    1.800      23.30     0.7179   0.7213    25.0     0.2     a     1.0 
  3.0    0.8      0.600    2.400      41.11     0.7179   0.7213    25.0     0.2     a     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: yB denotes the stoichiometric ionic strength fraction of NaHSucc in these NaCl / NaHSucc aqueous solutions; I - stoichiometric molal ionic strength, assuming no dissociation of the hydrogen succinate ion (HSucc); prefix m denotes molality; dE - the difference (mV) between the emf of the cell Na-glass | NaCl(mA), NaHSucc(mB), AgCl | Ag, and the reference cell Na-glass | NaCl(mR), AgCl | Ag, where mR = mA + mB; gR - mean molal activity coefficient of NaCl in the reference cell; gNaCl - the mean molal activity coefficient of NaCl in the aqueous NaCl/Na2Succ mixture, calculated using dE, gR, and eq (3) of Esteso et al. (1989); t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - probable uncertainty in the EMF measurement (mV), see also note below; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - M. A. Esteso, L. Fernandez-Merida, O. M. Gonzalez-Diaz and F. F. Hernandez-Luis (1989) Ber. Buns. Gesellschaft 93, 1114-1118.
Activity coefficients gR were taken from D. G. Archer (1992) J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21, 793-829.
The NaCl molalities in the reference cell are at the same ionic strength as the test cell only if all the hydrogen succinate ion remains as HSucc⁻(aq). However, significant concentrations of undissociated H2Succ(aq) are formed, resulting in rather different ionic strengths in the two cells. The uncertainty may therefore be greater than the listed 0.2 mV, particularly in the solutions containing the highest proportions of NaHSucc.

(10) EMFs in Aqueous Solutions Containing HCl and NaHSucc

    mHCl       E       t      uncert.   ref.  weight  
  0.09959    0.51035  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.09062    0.51290  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.08029    0.51622  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.07054    0.51954  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.05035    0.52861  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.04983    0.52888  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.02977    0.54248  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.019875   0.55320  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.015114   0.56054  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0 
  0.009890   0.57174  25.0    0.0002     a     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix m denotes molality; E - emf (V) of the cell Pt; H2(g, 1 atm), NaHSucc (1.5 m), HCl (m), AgCl; Ag, yielding stoichiometric activities of HCl in the solution mixture; t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - probable uncertainty in the emf measurement (V); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - G. D. Pinching and R. G. Bates (1950) J. Res. Natl. Bur. Standards 45, 444-449.
The solutions contain NaHSucc (sodium hydrogen succinate) at a molality of 1.5 times the listed value of mHCl (hence the first solution has a composition of 0.09959 mHCl and 0.149385 mNaHSucc). The standard emf of the cell used in the calculation of HCl activity, E^o, was 0.22245 V at 298.15 K.

(11a) Water Activities of Aqueous Na2Succ Solutions

   aW        mfs       mNa2Succ   osm       np    t    uncert.    ref.   weight
  0.999     0.0183      0.1150   0.1609    bulk  25.0   0.003      a       0.0          
  0.980     0.0749      0.4996   0.7482    bulk  25.0   0.003      a       1.0          
  0.949     0.1411      1.0138   0.9554    bulk  25.0   0.003      a       1.0          
  0.918     0.1967      1.5110   1.0477    bulk  25.0   0.003      a       1.0          
  0.879     0.2535      2.0956   1.1388    bulk  25.0   0.003      a       1.0          
  0.8762    0.2574      2.1390   1.1432     1e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.7996    0.3877      3.9074   1.0590     1e   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.5888    0.5200      6.6852   1.4660     1e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.5079    0.6055      9.4715   1.3235     1e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.4636    0.9742        -        -        1e   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.4008    0.9996        -        -        1e   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.2014    0.9742        -        -        1e   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.0675    0.9919        -        -        1g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.4284    1.0275        -        -        1g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.4697    1.0143        -        -        1g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.5145    1.0110        -        -        1g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.5925    1.0132        -        -        1g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.6353    0.9887        -        -        1g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.6597    0.4728      5.5342   1.3907     1g   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.6807    0.4565      5.1831   1.3731     1g   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.9476    0.1444      1.0415   0.9562     2e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.8346    0.3088      2.7569   1.2134     2e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.7156    0.4373      4.7957   1.2911     2e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.6313    0.4969      6.0949   1.3964     2e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.5488    0.5617      7.9083   1.4039     2e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.4790    0.6127      9.7623   1.3951     2e   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.4666    1.0236        -        -        2e   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.3098    1.0311        -        -        2e   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.5523    1.0283        -        -        2g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.7613    0.4047      4.1952   1.2029     2g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.8709    0.2643      2.2169   1.1537     2g   25.0   0.01       a       1.0            
  0.9031    0.2328      1.8725   1.0071     2g   25.0   0.01       a       0.0            
  0.9196    0.1941      1.4863   1.0435     2g   25.0   0.01       a       1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: aW - water activity; mfs - mass fraction of solute in the particle, as given by Peng et al. (2001) and at http://ihome.ust.hk/~keckchan/hygroscopic.html; prefix m denotes solute molality (only for those particles that appear to be fully aqueous and which were given a non-zero weight); osm - stoichiometric osmotic coefficient, equal to -ln(aW)/(0.0180152 × 3 × m); np - particle number (bulk indicates bulk solution meaasurements of equilibrium water activity, suffix e indicates an edb evaporation experiment in an atmosphere of decreasing relative humidity, and g particle growth in an atmosphere of increasing relative humidity); t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - probable uncertainty in the water activity; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - C. Peng and C. K. Chan (2001) Atmos. Environ. 35, 1183-1192.
The uncertainty associated with mfs for the edb experiments (and so also the molality m) has three sources: the determination of the dc balancing voltage, solute evaporation, and the standardisation of the particle composition to a single reference state (either dilute solution or solid particle). An overall uncertainty of at least ±0.01 seems likely. The corresponding values for molality can be obtained using the conversion equation m = (mfs/(1 - mfs)) × (1000/MW) where MW is the molar mass of the salt (162.05 g).

(11b) Mean Activity Coefficients of Aqueous Na2Succ Solutions

  mNa2Succ    E      gamma   osm       t    uncert.  ref. weight   
  0.01006   110.4    0.731   0.909    25.0    0.2     a     0.0        
  0.03844    66.0    0.610   0.874    25.0    0.2     a     0.0      
  0.04970    57.4    0.587   0.870    25.0    0.2     a     0.0      
  0.09006    37.8    0.539   0.863    25.0    0.2     a     0.0      
  0.1347     26.1    0.510   0.864    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  0.1575     20.0    0.500   0.866    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  0.1848     13.9    0.491   0.868    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  0.2231      6.9    0.481   0.872    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  0.2994     -2.6    0.468   0.881    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  0.3159     -4.9    0.466   0.883    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  0.6414    -31.1    0.457   0.932    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  0.7740    -38.9    0.462   0.954    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  1.0158    -50.9    0.478   0.994    25.0    0.2     a     0.0
  1.4077    -66.1    0.514   1.058    25.0    0.2     a     0.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix m denotes molality; E - electromotive force (V) of the cell Na-glass | Na2Succ(m) | Hg2Succ | Hg; gamma - mean molal activity coefficient of Na2Succ, from Table 2 of Esteso et al.; osm - molal osmotic coefficient of aqueous Na2Succ, from Table 2 of Esteso et al; t - experimental temperature (^oC); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - M. A. Esteso, L. Fernandez-Merida and F. F. Hernandez-Luis (1987) J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfac. Electrochem. 230, 69-75.
These data appeared to be inconsistent with other measurements, and were therefore weighted zero. See Figure 4b of Clegg and Seinfeld (2006b).

(12) Emf Measurements Yielding Mean Activity Coefficients of NaCl

  mNaCl  mNa2Succ    dE        gR      gNaCl     t     uncert.  ref.  weight      
  0.50    0.         0.0      0.6805   0.6805   25.0     0.2     a     1.0       
  0.40    0.03333    7.46     0.6805   0.6811   25.0     0.2     a     1.0          
  0.30    0.06667   16.75     0.6805   0.6812   25.0     0.2     a     1.0       
  0.20    0.1000    29.17     0.6805   0.6819   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  0.10    0.1334    49.09     0.6805   0.6837   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  1.00    0          0.0      0.6572   0.6572   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  0.80    0.06668    7.67     0.6572   0.6551   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  0.60    0.1334    17.13     0.6572   0.6531   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  0.40    0.2000    29.78     0.6572   0.6508   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  0.20    0.2667    49.92     0.6572   0.6496   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  2.00    0.         0.0      0.6708   0.6708   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  1.60    0.1333     8.26     0.6708   0.6610   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  1.20    0.2667    18.01     0.6708   0.6552   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  0.8003  0.3999    31.01     0.6708   0.6484   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  0.4001  0.5333    51.41     0.6708   0.6440   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  3.00    0.         0.0      0.7179   0.7179   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  2.40    0.2000     8.80     0.7179   0.7000   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  1.80    0.4000    19.43     0.7179   0.6821   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  1.20    0.6000    33.07     0.7179   0.6668   25.0     0.2     a     1.0      
  0.6001  0.8000    54.00     0.7179   0.6554   25.0     0.2     a     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix m denotes molality; dE - the difference (mV) between the emf of the cell Na-glass | NaCl(mA), Na2Succ(mB), AgCl | Ag, and the reference cell Na-glass | NaCl(mR), AgCl | Ag, where mR = mA + 3mB; gR - mean molal activity coefficient of NaCl in the reference cell; gNaCl - the mean molal activity coefficient of NaCl in the aqueous NaCl/Na2Succ mixture, calculated using dE, gR, and eq (4) of Esteso et al. (1989); t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - probable uncertainty in the emf measurement; osm; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - M. A. Esteso, L. Fernandez-Merida, F. F. Hernandez-Luis and O. M. Gonzalez-Diaz (1989) Ber. Buns. Gesellschaft 93, 213-217.

(13) Solubilities in Aqueous Na2Succ and NaHSucc Solutions

   Salt     cSalt   mSalt     t    solid   ref.                                   
  Na2Succ   21.45   1.324    0.0     1      a         
  Na2Succ   27.38   1.690   12.5     1      a         
  Na2Succ   34.90   2.154   25.0     1      a         
  Na2Succ   43.64   2.693   37.5     1      a         
  Na2Succ   56.30   3.474   50.0     1      a         
  Na2Succ   78.49   4.844   62.5     1      a         
  Na2Succ   83.38   5.145   64.9     1,2    a         
  Na2Succ   86.63   5.346   75.0     2      a         
  NaHSucc   17.55   1.253    0.0     3      a         
  NaHSucc   27.93   1.994   12.5     3      a         
  NaHSucc   39.82   2.843   25.0     3      a         
  NaHSucc   60.01   4.284   37.5     3      a         
  NaHSucc   63.99   4.568   38.7     3,4    a         
  NaHSucc   67.37   4.810   50.0     4      a         
  NaHSucc   76.15   5.437   62.5     4      a         
  NaHSucc   86.     6.140   75.0     4      a

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix c denotes concentration in grams of salt per 100 grams of aqueous mixture; m - molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); solid: 1 - Na2Succ.6H2O(s), 2 - Na2Succ(s), 3 - NaHSucc.3H2O(s), 4 - NaHSucc(s); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - H. Marshall and D. Bain (1910) J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1074-1085.

(14) Emfs in Aqueous Solutions Containing NaHSucc, Na2Succ, and NaCl

 mNaHSucc      E      series   t     uncert.  ref.  weight
  0.05012    0.61645    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.04951    0.61686    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.04555    0.61935    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.03985    0.62304    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.03715    0.62526    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.03556    0.62649    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.02511    0.63648    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.02509    0.63666    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.02493    0.63675    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.014886   0.65189    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.014853   0.65195    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.010184   0.66267    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.007573   0.67139    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.005074   0.68287    1     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.1000     0.56557    2     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.07296    0.57434    2     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.05012    0.58469    2     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.03155    0.59730    2     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0 
  0.01939    0.61069    2     25.0   0.0002    a     1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix m denotes molality; E - emf (V) of the cell Pt; H2(g, 1 atm), mA + mB, AgCl; Ag, yielding stoichiometric activities of HCl in the solution mixture; series - see separate note below regarding composition; t - experimental temperature (^oC); uncert. - probable uncertainty in the EMF measurement (V); osm; ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - G. D. Pinching and R. G. Bates (1950) J. Res. Natl. Bur. Standards 45, 322-328.
The compositions of the solutions are as follows. Series 1: NaHSucc at molality m, Na2Succ at molality 3m, and NaCl at molality 3m; series 2: NaHSucc at molality m, and NaCl at molality m. The standard emf of the cell used in the calculation of HCl activity, E^o, was 0.22245 V at 298.15 K.

(15) Solubilities in Aqueous (NH4)2Succ - NH4Cl Mixtures

  wt%(NH4)2Succ  wt%NH4Cl   m(NH4)2Succ  mNH4Cl     t    solid  ref.   weight
      0.0          28.47       0.0        7.441    25.0    1     a      1.0      
     12.74         22.23       1.288      6.391    25.0    1     a      1.0      
     29.49         15.02       3.493      5.060    25.0    1     a      1.0      
     41.57         10.75       5.730      4.215    25.0    1     a      1.0      
     42.15         10.63       5.867      4.209    25.0    2     a      1.0      
     44.34          7.62       6.066      2.965    25.0    2     a      1.0      
     50.74          0.0        6.770      0.0      25.0    2     a      1.0

Notes and References

Symbols: prefix wt% denotes weight percent of solute in the aqueous mixture; m - molality; t - experimental temperature (^oC); solid: 1 - NH4Cl(s), 2 - (NH4)2Succ.H2O(s) (ammonium succinate monohydrate); ref. - source of data; weight - the weight assigned in the fit of the model to determine parameter values.
Source: a - Table 1456 of H. Stephen and T. Stephen (1979) Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds; Pergamon: Oxford, Vol. 2.